Living Organisms and their Surroundings
1. Define-
a) Habitat- A place where an organism lives and grows is called habitat. The habitat must provide them food, shelter and climatic conditions so that it can easily survive, breed and flourish.
b) Adaptation- The special or specific characteristic which help the organisms to survive in an particular environment is called adaptation.
Habitat- Terrestrial , Aquatic
Terrestrial- Forest, Grassland, Coastal, Desert, Mountain
Aquatic- Pond, lake, oceans, Swamps, rivers
Components of Environment
Environment consist of two main components. They are-
1) Biotic Components ( Living Components)
2) Abiotic Components (Physical Components)
Biotic Components
Abiotic Components
Abiotic means non-living things. The soil, water and air constitute the abiotic components.
the climatic factors like Sunlight, temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind, etc are also a part of the abiotic components.
2. What are the adapting features that enables camel to live in a desert habitat.
Ans 1. Camels have long legs to keep the body away from the hot sand.
2. They have large, padded feet that enables them to walk on soft sand.
3. It Can drink lots of water at a time. It doesn't sweat and passes very less urine to conserve water in its body.
4. They have long eyelashes. That prevents sand from entering into their eyes.
5. They have hump that stores fat. This fat is used during starvation. when the fat gets used up the hump shrinks form the sides.
3. List the adaptation of desert plants.
Ans 1.Desert plants have wide, spreaded root system which goes deep into the soil in search of water.
2. Leaves are modified into spines to reduce the loss of water from the leaves.
3. Stems are thick and fleshy to store water.
4. Stems perform the function of leaves that is photosynthesis.
5. The stems of desert plant have a waxy coating that prevents the lose of water.
4. How do the biotic and abiotic components maintain balance in nature.
Ans Biotic and abiotic components depend on each other-
1.The plants and animals develop adaptations that are suitable for the climate, light, water, temperature and air, showing that there is an interaction between the biotic and abiotic components in life.
2.The abiotic components supply nutrients to the plants. The plants prepare food for the animals.
3.Plants and animals when they die they get decomposed by microbe and add nutrients to the soil.
4.These nutrients are again absorbed by the plants and the cycle repeats again.
5.Thus the balance in nature is maintained.
5.What is the importance of the following Abiotic factors that are present in the habitat-
a) Temperature
b) Light
c) Water
d) Air
e) Soil
a) Temperature
Most of the plants and animals grow in warm places but some need cold climate. eg tigers and elephants live in warm temperature, while polar bears live in cold temperature.
Palm trees, neem, peepal trees are found in hot region, while Pine trees are found in cold region.
Thus animals and plants can adapt in hot and cold regions.
b) Light
Green plants need light to make food and grow. Some animals don't come out in presence of light but some prefer to come out to hunt prey at night. Earthworms, etc move away from light and stay in dark places.
c) Water
All living organisms need water for their survival. Cactus and camel are among the few plants and animals which can live without water or with little water for a long time.
d) Air
Animals require oxygen to live. They can't respire and produce energy if there is no oxygen. Plants require carbon dioxide to make food. The exchange of gases (carbon dioxide and oxygen) between plants and animals maintains their balance in nature.
e) Soil
It provides nutrients, water and mineral to the plants and shelter for animals.
6. What are the adapting features that are found in plants of the mountain regions?
Ans Plants such as pine and conifer are conical in shape that allow snow and water to slide of easily. They have sloping branches and leaves of some of these trees are needle-like. This help rainwater and snow to slide off easily. Some leaves have a waxy coating. They also have small leaves to avoid water lose and they grow near the soil to avoid uprooting by strong winds.
7. How do animals like yak, mountain goats and snow leopard adapt themselves to the mountain region?
Ans 1. Yaks- They have thick skin and long hair to keep them warm.
2. Mountain goats- They have strong hooves to move up and down on the rocky and sloppy mountain.
3. Snow leopard- They have thick skin and fur to protect themselves from cold and have broad furry pads (Thick structure under the leg) or paws to walk on the snow.
8.What are the adapting features of a deer?
Ans 1. They have broad and strong teeth for chewing grass.
2. They have long, sharp ears to hear minute sounds that help them to be always alert.
3. They have long, strong legs to run away from predators.
4. Their eyes are on the side of their head which allows to look in all direction for danger.
5. The speed of the deer help to run away from predators.
6. The brown colour skin help to camouflage with the surroundings.
9. What are the adapting features of a lion which makes it a good predator?
Ans 1. They are fast.
2. They have long claws and sharp teeth.
3. Eyes are in front of their face allowing it to have a correct idea of its prey and predators.
4. Brown colour of it skin helps it to camouflage when it hunts for its prey.
2. They have strong roots to prevent uprooting by the winds.
3. They have narrow, thick leaves to reduce water loss from transpiration.
4. Some plants have deep penetrating roots to absorb as much water as possible.
Adaptation in aquatic plants (Hydro phytes)
1. these are attached to mud at the bottom of the water body. Floating plants are exception.
2. Aquatic plants that float freely on water surface have adapted themselves for floating, Against decaying, water current, pressure, etc.
3. For floating they store air in different parts of the body (Stems, roots, leaves, etc)and have stomata on the upper surface which is exposed to air. eg Water Lily
4. For protection, the leaves are protected from decaying by a waxy coating to make it waterproof and non decayable eg tape grass.
5. For different purpose leaves are of different shapes to protect themselves from damage due to flow of water current.
Adaptation in aquatic animals
For Buoyancy
buoyancy in fishes and some insects is because of air bubbles in or on their body.
Body scales
body is covered with scales and the scales are hard and rigid structures to protect the body and make the skin waterproof and the body is covered by slippery coating.
Body shape
The shape of fish is streamlined. The fins control the stability and underwater directional motion of fish.
Gills
Gills are capable of absorbing oxygen from the water flowing over the surface.
Adaptation of tropical rain forest
Adaptation of plants
Leaves on trees have grooves and special tips called "drip tips" that allow water to drip off easily and not collect on the leaves. thus, preventing rotting of leaves. To absorb maximum amount of sunlight as possible vegetation growing in lower levels have large leaves.
Animal life
Many rain forest animals use camouflage to escape from enemies. Some animals have become very specialised in their eating habits. They live in holes and trees. Eg parrot, monkey, macaw, insects, etc.
10. Write about the adaptive features of the following-
a) Octopus and squid
b) Dolphin and whale
a) Octopus and squid
1. They don't have streamlined body shape. When they move in water they make their body shape streamlined.
2. They have gills to help them use oxygen dissolved in water.
3. they stay deeper in the ocean near the sea bed and catch any prey that moves towards them
b) Dolphin and whale
1. They have lungs to breathe.
2. They stay inside water for a long time without breathing.
3. They come out to the surface from time to time to breathe in air.
4. They bring in air through nostrils or blowholes located on the upper part of the head.
11. Define acclimatisation.
Ans Small changes that take place in an organism over a short period of time to overcome small problems due to changes in the surroundings is called acclimatisation.
12. Define-
a) Respiration
b) Breathing
c)Excretion
d) Stimulus
e) Response
f) Reproduction
a) Respiration
It is the process of breaking of food to carbon dioxide, water and energy in the presence of oxygen.
b) Breathing
1. It is the process of taking in oxygen rich air and giving out carbon dioxide rich air.
2. The process of taking oxygen is called inhalation.
3. The process of giving out of carbon dioxide is called exhalation.
c) Excretion
The process of removal of waste material from the organisms body is called excretion.
d) Stimulus
Any change in the surrounding that make an organism respond to it is called stimulus.
4. Stems perform the function of leaves that is photosynthesis.
5. The stems of desert plant have a waxy coating that prevents the lose of water.
4. How do the biotic and abiotic components maintain balance in nature.
Ans Biotic and abiotic components depend on each other-
1.The plants and animals develop adaptations that are suitable for the climate, light, water, temperature and air, showing that there is an interaction between the biotic and abiotic components in life.
2.The abiotic components supply nutrients to the plants. The plants prepare food for the animals.
3.Plants and animals when they die they get decomposed by microbe and add nutrients to the soil.
4.These nutrients are again absorbed by the plants and the cycle repeats again.
5.Thus the balance in nature is maintained.
5.What is the importance of the following Abiotic factors that are present in the habitat-
a) Temperature
b) Light
c) Water
d) Air
e) Soil
a) Temperature
Most of the plants and animals grow in warm places but some need cold climate. eg tigers and elephants live in warm temperature, while polar bears live in cold temperature.
Palm trees, neem, peepal trees are found in hot region, while Pine trees are found in cold region.
Thus animals and plants can adapt in hot and cold regions.
b) Light
Green plants need light to make food and grow. Some animals don't come out in presence of light but some prefer to come out to hunt prey at night. Earthworms, etc move away from light and stay in dark places.
c) Water
All living organisms need water for their survival. Cactus and camel are among the few plants and animals which can live without water or with little water for a long time.
d) Air
Animals require oxygen to live. They can't respire and produce energy if there is no oxygen. Plants require carbon dioxide to make food. The exchange of gases (carbon dioxide and oxygen) between plants and animals maintains their balance in nature.
e) Soil
It provides nutrients, water and mineral to the plants and shelter for animals.
6. What are the adapting features that are found in plants of the mountain regions?
Ans Plants such as pine and conifer are conical in shape that allow snow and water to slide of easily. They have sloping branches and leaves of some of these trees are needle-like. This help rainwater and snow to slide off easily. Some leaves have a waxy coating. They also have small leaves to avoid water lose and they grow near the soil to avoid uprooting by strong winds.
7. How do animals like yak, mountain goats and snow leopard adapt themselves to the mountain region?
Ans 1. Yaks- They have thick skin and long hair to keep them warm.
2. Mountain goats- They have strong hooves to move up and down on the rocky and sloppy mountain.
3. Snow leopard- They have thick skin and fur to protect themselves from cold and have broad furry pads (Thick structure under the leg) or paws to walk on the snow.
8.What are the adapting features of a deer?
Ans 1. They have broad and strong teeth for chewing grass.
2. They have long, sharp ears to hear minute sounds that help them to be always alert.
3. They have long, strong legs to run away from predators.
4. Their eyes are on the side of their head which allows to look in all direction for danger.
5. The speed of the deer help to run away from predators.
6. The brown colour skin help to camouflage with the surroundings.
9. What are the adapting features of a lion which makes it a good predator?
Ans 1. They are fast.
2. They have long claws and sharp teeth.
3. Eyes are in front of their face allowing it to have a correct idea of its prey and predators.
4. Brown colour of it skin helps it to camouflage when it hunts for its prey.
Adaptation for plants in grasslands
1. They have flexible stems which bend instead of breaking when the wind is strong.2. They have strong roots to prevent uprooting by the winds.
3. They have narrow, thick leaves to reduce water loss from transpiration.
4. Some plants have deep penetrating roots to absorb as much water as possible.
Adaptation in aquatic plants (Hydro phytes)
1. these are attached to mud at the bottom of the water body. Floating plants are exception.
2. Aquatic plants that float freely on water surface have adapted themselves for floating, Against decaying, water current, pressure, etc.
3. For floating they store air in different parts of the body (Stems, roots, leaves, etc)and have stomata on the upper surface which is exposed to air. eg Water Lily
4. For protection, the leaves are protected from decaying by a waxy coating to make it waterproof and non decayable eg tape grass.
5. For different purpose leaves are of different shapes to protect themselves from damage due to flow of water current.
Adaptation in aquatic animals
For Buoyancy
buoyancy in fishes and some insects is because of air bubbles in or on their body.
Body scales
body is covered with scales and the scales are hard and rigid structures to protect the body and make the skin waterproof and the body is covered by slippery coating.
Body shape
The shape of fish is streamlined. The fins control the stability and underwater directional motion of fish.
Gills
Gills are capable of absorbing oxygen from the water flowing over the surface.
Adaptation of tropical rain forest
Adaptation of plants
Leaves on trees have grooves and special tips called "drip tips" that allow water to drip off easily and not collect on the leaves. thus, preventing rotting of leaves. To absorb maximum amount of sunlight as possible vegetation growing in lower levels have large leaves.
Animal life
Many rain forest animals use camouflage to escape from enemies. Some animals have become very specialised in their eating habits. They live in holes and trees. Eg parrot, monkey, macaw, insects, etc.
10. Write about the adaptive features of the following-
a) Octopus and squid
b) Dolphin and whale
a) Octopus and squid
1. They don't have streamlined body shape. When they move in water they make their body shape streamlined.
2. They have gills to help them use oxygen dissolved in water.
3. they stay deeper in the ocean near the sea bed and catch any prey that moves towards them
b) Dolphin and whale
1. They have lungs to breathe.
2. They stay inside water for a long time without breathing.
3. They come out to the surface from time to time to breathe in air.
4. They bring in air through nostrils or blowholes located on the upper part of the head.
Ans Small changes that take place in an organism over a short period of time to overcome small problems due to changes in the surroundings is called acclimatisation.
12. Define-
a) Respiration
b) Breathing
c)Excretion
d) Stimulus
e) Response
f) Reproduction
a) Respiration
It is the process of breaking of food to carbon dioxide, water and energy in the presence of oxygen.
b) Breathing
1. It is the process of taking in oxygen rich air and giving out carbon dioxide rich air.
2. The process of taking oxygen is called inhalation.
3. The process of giving out of carbon dioxide is called exhalation.
c) Excretion
The process of removal of waste material from the organisms body is called excretion.
d) Stimulus
Any change in the surrounding that make an organism respond to it is called stimulus.
e) Response
Reaction to a stimulus is called response.
f) Reproduction
The process of production of young one of its own kind is called reproduction.
13.What are the characteristic of living organisms?
Ans the characteristic of living organisms are all living organisms-
1. Respire
2. Move
3. Grow
4. Respond to stimulus
5. Reproduce
6. Excrete
7. They have definite lifespan (they grow, develop and become matured and dies)
14. Clouds exhibit growth and movement, still they are called non- living. Why?
Ans Clouds are called non-living because they don't show all the characteristics of a living organism.
15. How do plants get rid of their waste products?
Ans Plants excrete waste by-
1. The main waste product produced by plants are carbon dioxide (respiration), oxygen (photosynthesis) and water vapour. These waste products are given out through stomata.
2. Some plants store some of their waste products in the body parts in a way that they do not harm them.
3. Plants get rid of these waste by sheding of leaves, peeling of barks, falling of fruits.
4. Some plants remove their waste by secretion eg gum, raisin and latex (all are useful to humans).
16. Do plants give response to stimulus? Give two examples.
Ans Yes, plant respond to their stimulus. Eg The leaves of touch-me-not (mimosa plant) fold when someone touches it.
Sunflower faces the Sun and changes its direction to the sun.
17. What are the different waste products which are produced in the body?
Ans 1. When proteins are broken down in the body. Ammonia, urea and uric acid is formed.
2. Carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product during digestion.
3. During digestion the undigested waste is removed as faeces and extra salt as sweat.
18. Write the adaptation of a frog.
Ans 1. It has webbed feet to climb and hold on plants.
2. It has a long, sticky tongue to catch insects.
3. It has strong eyesight and eats and insect which moves in front of it.
Floating Aquatic plants
1. Plants float on the surface of water.
2. Roots are not fixed to the soil.
3. They have soft, hollow, light weighted stems having space filled with air.
4. They have a swollen petiole Eg Water Hyacinth, Water Lettuce
Fixed Floating Aquatic plants
1. Roots are fixed on the soil below water.
2. Stems grow up to the surface of water.
3. Leaves and flowers flat on the surface of water.
4. They have long, flexible, stem so that it doesn't bread due to water current. They are also called a rooted floating plants.
5. They are partially submerged plants in the water. Eg Water Lily and Lotus
Submerged Aquatic plants
1. Roots of the plants are fixed in the soil.
2. All parts of the plant grow under water.
3. They have needle-ribbon like highly divided leaves so that water can pass through them without obstruction.
4. They are completely submerged in water. Eg Hydrilla, Vallisneria and Tapegrass
Reaction to a stimulus is called response.
f) Reproduction
The process of production of young one of its own kind is called reproduction.
13.What are the characteristic of living organisms?
Ans the characteristic of living organisms are all living organisms-
1. Respire
2. Move
3. Grow
4. Respond to stimulus
5. Reproduce
6. Excrete
7. They have definite lifespan (they grow, develop and become matured and dies)
14. Clouds exhibit growth and movement, still they are called non- living. Why?
Ans Clouds are called non-living because they don't show all the characteristics of a living organism.
15. How do plants get rid of their waste products?
Ans Plants excrete waste by-
1. The main waste product produced by plants are carbon dioxide (respiration), oxygen (photosynthesis) and water vapour. These waste products are given out through stomata.
2. Some plants store some of their waste products in the body parts in a way that they do not harm them.
3. Plants get rid of these waste by sheding of leaves, peeling of barks, falling of fruits.
4. Some plants remove their waste by secretion eg gum, raisin and latex (all are useful to humans).
16. Do plants give response to stimulus? Give two examples.
Ans Yes, plant respond to their stimulus. Eg The leaves of touch-me-not (mimosa plant) fold when someone touches it.
Sunflower faces the Sun and changes its direction to the sun.
17. What are the different waste products which are produced in the body?
Ans 1. When proteins are broken down in the body. Ammonia, urea and uric acid is formed.
2. Carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product during digestion.
3. During digestion the undigested waste is removed as faeces and extra salt as sweat.
18. Write the adaptation of a frog.
Ans 1. It has webbed feet to climb and hold on plants.
2. It has a long, sticky tongue to catch insects.
3. It has strong eyesight and eats and insect which moves in front of it.
Floating Aquatic plants
1. Plants float on the surface of water.
2. Roots are not fixed to the soil.
3. They have soft, hollow, light weighted stems having space filled with air.
4. They have a swollen petiole Eg Water Hyacinth, Water Lettuce
Fixed Floating Aquatic plants
1. Roots are fixed on the soil below water.
2. Stems grow up to the surface of water.
3. Leaves and flowers flat on the surface of water.
4. They have long, flexible, stem so that it doesn't bread due to water current. They are also called a rooted floating plants.
5. They are partially submerged plants in the water. Eg Water Lily and Lotus
Submerged Aquatic plants
1. Roots of the plants are fixed in the soil.
2. All parts of the plant grow under water.
3. They have needle-ribbon like highly divided leaves so that water can pass through them without obstruction.
4. They are completely submerged in water. Eg Hydrilla, Vallisneria and Tapegrass
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